The relationship between the negative emotions of readers of essays and the use of negative words.

The relationship between the negative emotions of readers of essays and the use of negative words.

20221

Suho Choe

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to see if the emotions of the words used in the essay are delivered to the person who reads the essay or not. In this study, the notion of Negative Rate, which is the numerical value of negative emotions of people when they read an article. We have found through research that there is no concept of intermediate in the criterion that classifies negativity, and it can only classify negativity as high and not high. Because of this, we analyzed the emotions of the words used in the high-Negative Rate classification and the low-Negative Rate classification, and in this process, we conducted experiments to check whether the negative words were actually used in the essay which shows high-Negative Rate. The results of the experiment showed that the Negative Rate was proportional to the frequency of use of negative words. As a result, we find that when a writer thinks negatively about the article, negative words are used in the article and those who finally read the article are exposed to the negative word. Ultimately, we have come to the conclusion that the Negative Rate for the article is rising when people read that article - containing high-Negative Rate.

Ⅰ. Introduction

The philosophy that has been studied extensively in many countries including the Republic of Korea is acknowledged to be the beginning of all scholarship to many people. Thousands of years have passed, but the philosophers who have made their name in the past, are also in our memory of the 21st century. The biggest thing that made this situation possible is the book. In ancient Greece, Socrates preferred to tell people about his thoughts through conversations and questions, rather than writing his thoughts directly. However, since Socrates, many philosophers have begun to document philosophy that was descending from their ancestors. The medium through which their letters could be transmitted was books.

The philosophy of many philosophers is sometimes left as a book by ordinary people, not philosophers. A good example is Nigel Warburton's "A Little History of Philosophy". This book is a bundle of essays containing the lives of philosophers, or philosophies, and their ideas. There are many chapters in this book that depict negative figures. For example, there is ‘Ch.35 - The Man Who Didn't Ask Questions - Hanna Arendt’. read a detailed interview with Eichmann, who was a negative person, who ordered the railroad timetable and railway system used for the Nazi massacre and to move thousands of Jews to concentration camps.

" He lacked imagination. Arendt described him as shallow and brainless – though that too could have been an act. “

- in Chapter 35

So, what is the chapter about the person who represents a positive person? Unfortunately, this book has no chapters to compare with Eichmann's chapters - which is extremely negative. We often do not think about the philosopher when we think about it, including feelings of affirmation. Exceptionally, there is a respected philosopher for all. However, you should not choose 'positive' as a word to express it.

" He was something far more common but equally dangerous: an unthinking man. “

- in Chapter 35

What did you think about this passage? If the word 'negative' comes up strongly to you, then,  you are a very ordinary person. You are not one who tends to perceive anything negative, but one of the sources from which negative rates are derived. Uncertainty is a statistical transformation of individual perceptions of a person. Negative rates show people's perception of a person in detail. For your quick and accurate understanding, let us show in statistics how negative you think of Hitler. If you give him 1 point out of 9, your negation rate is determined by 1 point.

Will negative negative words be used more often in those highly denied essays, or in articles that do not? I agree with this opinion. To investigate the correlation between Negative Rate and frequency of use of negative words, we will proceed from now on.

II. Research Methods

In order to investigate the correlation between the Negative Rate and the frequency of use of negative words, we first selected the object to measure the Negative Rate. The criteria for selection are as follows: First, when students in the Michuhol Foreign Language High School who will participate in the survey on irregularities understand more than 80% of the content in any article. Second, an article with more than 8000 words. The first criterion is the purpose of preventing the problems that may arise when the respondents of the questionnaire on the negative rate do not fully understand the content of the article and measure the negative rate. The second criterion is to remove the problem in advance that it is difficult to analyze the frequency of letters using Antconc because the number of characters is too small and if the analysis is too small, the interval between rankings is too small to prevent error prone environments. Here is a list of selected articles based on these criteria.

No.	Title	Writer	Average Negative Rate
1	The Man Who Asked Questions	Nigel W.	7.8 / 9.0
2	True Happiness	Nigel W.	7.9 / 9.0
3	The Garden Path	Nigel W.	7.7 / 9.0
4	Learning Not to Care	Nigel W.	5.3 / 9.0
5	The Fox and the Lion	Nigel W.	5.3 / 9.0
6	Nasty, Brutish, and Short	Nigel W.	5.1 / 9.0
7	Could You Be Dreaming?	Nigel W.	6.6 / 9.0
8	The Imaginary Watchmaker	Nigel W.	5.3 / 9.0
9	What if Everyone Did That?	Nigel W.	7.7 / 9.0
10	Practical Bliss	Nigel W.	6.5 / 9.0
11	The Death of God	Nigel W.	5.0 / 9.0
12	The Man Who Didn’t Ask Questions	Nigel W.	1.1 / 9.0
13	A Modern Gadfly	Nigel W.	4.3 / 9.0
14	Adolf Hitler: Man and Monster	BBC	1.2 / 9.0
15	In Uganda, Joseph Kony’s former child soldiers and survivors rebuild lives after years of terror	Sally S.	1.8 / 9.0
16	How The Army Decimated Joseph Kony’s Messianic Death Cult Without Firing A Shot	Jared K.	1.9 / 9.0
17	Kony 2012 - Another Humanitarian Intervention Bust	Jeremy K.	1.4 / 9.0

To measure the negativity of this article, we conduct a survey of 75 second grade students at Michuhol Foreign Language High School. Respondents in the survey should indicate the number of negative feelings for a single article. If you feel the most negative emotions, you can give a point to the article. On the other hand, if you have little negative feelings, you can give 9 points for the article. After collecting the results of these surveys, the articles used in the survey are divided according to the criteria(average 1 to 3 points A - Red Colors, average 4 to 6 points B - No Colors, and average 7 to 9 points C - Blue Colors). Analyze the frequency of words using AntConc, one by one for each of the texts in these categories.

III. Results & Discussions

As a result of analyzing using AntConc, we found fourteen commonly used words in all articles. The words are as follows.

Word	Average Rank	Word	Average Rank
the	1.1	in	11.8
that	2.9	is	12.1
of	2.9	what	12.1
to	5.7	about	16.6
a	6.9	as	17.5
and	6.9	from	19.0
on	7.0	for	19.0

The most commonly used words in the categories A, B, and C are as follows, except for these upper words used for information transmission.

Rank	Word	Frequency Percentage of Use
30	evil	1.36
45	death	0.90
64	trial	0.75
69	forced	0.60
84	died	0.45

<Frequency of word usage in A - 12.The Man Who Didn’t Ask Questions>

This is an analysis of word frequencies in the A classification, which shows the highest rate of negativity among the A, B, and C categories. The most frequently used negative words in the A classification - Confirm that the words are negative emotions using the BiText program. Is Evil, Death, Trial. Death, which ranked 30th in the overall ranking, represented more than 1 percent of the total number of words. This figure is very high when you see that 'The', which is ranked first on the average, is about 9 percent of the total number of words. In addition, the sum of the top 5 negative word shares is about 4 percent, which is the word removed from the ranking, taking into account the grammatical and informational aspects of the word - for example, the, that, of, to, etc. It is a very high figure.

Rank	Word	Frequency Percentage of Use
59	perfect	0.96
60	really	0.96
67	know	0.78
68	like	0.78
81	good	0.65

<Frequency of word usage in C - 1.The Man Who Asked Questions>

This is a word frequency analysis chart of the C classification that shows lower negativity than others. The most commonly used positive word in the C classification - this also confirms the positive emotional word through the BiText program. Is Perfect, Really, Know. In category A, which showed strong negative, the word indicating negative emotion occupied the priority, whereas in category C, the word that was not negative occupied the highest occupation. If so, does the word used in the negative feelings actually contain a lot of negative emotional words, except for the high frequency words? Here we need emotional analysis of the words used in this article.

IV. Research Methods

We used BiText to analyze the words used in the A category of texts, which represent the highest rate of denial, to determine whether a lot of negative emotional words are used in a negative evaluation. First, the emotions of the words used in the B and C classifications, where the negativity is relatively low, are analyzed. Then, the emotion of the word used in the article of category A which is measured relatively high is analyzed. After the analysis, we will summarize how much the negative emotions are used and how much the positive emotions are used.

V. Results & Discussions

In the analysis of the emotions of Class B and Class C, which include articles with relatively low negativity using BiText, the negative words in <10.What if Everyone Did That?> Were 115 (3.81%) , And the positive word was used a total of 109 (3.62%) times. We can see that there is no significant difference between the frequency of use of negative words and the frequency of use of positive words. However, as a result of analyzing the sentiment of Class A, which contains relatively high negative rate, <14. Adolf Hitler: Man and Monster>, the negative word totaled 220 (8.41%), Were used for a total of 183 (6.99%) times. We can see from these results that as more words of negative emotion are used in a single article, people feel more negative about the article.

Class	Title	Negative Word (Frequency)	Positive Word (Frequency)	Total words
A	1. The Man Who Asked Questions	129(4.33%)	140(4.69%)	2982
A	10. What if Everyone Did That?	115(3.81%)	109(3.62%)	3015
B	4.Learning Not to Care	65(2.20%)	71(2.40%)	2959
B	5.The Fox and the Lion	66(2.46%)	49(1.82%)	2685
C	12.The Man Who Didn’t Ask Questions	391(11.93%)	202(6.16%)	3277
C	14.Adolf Hitler: Man and Monster	220(8.41%)	183(6.99%)	2615

<Negative Rate and Positive Rate of Class A, B, and C>

Here, a Positive rate, which is a concept opposite to the Negative Rate, appears. No effort is required to understand the positive rate. Just change the negative feelings in your concept of Negative Rate to positive, and all the problems and conflicts related to Positive rate in your head will be solved easily. In other words, Negative Rate and Positive rate in this table are numerical values of how much negative word and positive word each occupies in total word count.

Ⅵ. Conclusion & Limitations

We have shown through this study that there is a difference in the emotion analysis of the words used according to the negative rate people feel. If you use a lot of negative words in your writing, most people have negative feelings about the writing. This is a phenomenon in which the emotions of the writer are transmitted to the reader. If a writer has negative thoughts about the article when he or she writes it, negative words will be used more in the article. As a result, readers will also see more negative words, which increases the negative rate of those who read the article.

This study has revealed the interrelation between the writer and the reader of the article that we are familiar with in everyday life. However, the word 'negative' is ambiguous when measuring the concept of 'negativity'. It is not an equally applied concept to all people, but an emotion that involves subjective subjective opinions. This may lead to questions about the measurement method of 'negativity' and its measurement results. However, the concept of being negative and the concept of being positive are clearly contrasted emotions. For this reason, there will be no problem in judging whether a single object is negative or positive. In addition, because the concept of 'negative' does not easily conflict with the concept of 'positive' by placing a difference of three points when classifying the measurement results of negativity (in fact, negative emotion classification A in the experiment, In the survey, negativity means 1 to 3 points, while non-negative emotions B and C mean negativity from 4 to 9.). So the test results are reliable. In addition, there were no articles located between 2 and 4 which is the average irregularity between the classification A indicating very negative and the classification B indicating no negative. In other words, the possibility of a conflict between negative emotions and positive emotions was completely eliminated.